Memory

Memory: is the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Memory Process:

• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval

Encoding: is the processing of information into the memory system.

Storage: is the retention of encoded material over time.

Retrieval: is the process of getting the information out of memory storage.

Recall Vs. Recognition:

• With recall you must retrieve the information from your memory, while with recognition you must identify the target from other possible targets.

Flashbulb Memory: is a clear moment of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Types of Memory:

Sensory: immediate, initial recording of sensory information stored just for an instant, must get unprocessed.

Short-term: memory that holds only a few items, the information will be stored into long-term or forgotten.

Long-term: relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

Encoding

Automatic Processing:

-unconscious encoding of incidental information

-you encode space, time, and word meaning

-things become automatic with practice

Effortful Processing:

-encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

-rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique

-through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic

The next-in-line effect: we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next.

Spacing Effect:

-we encode better when we study or practice over time.

Serial Positioning Effect: Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

Types of Encoding:

Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words.

Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words.

Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.

Mnemonic Devices: use imagery"

Chunking:

-organizing items into familiar, manageable units

-often it will occur automatically

Types of Retrieval Failure:

Proactive Interference: the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Retroactive Interference: the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Misinformation Effect: incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.