Motivation and Emotion

Motivation: a need or desire that energized and directs behavior

Instinct Theory: we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors
-But instincts only explain why we do a small fraction of our behaviors

Drive-Reduction Theory: The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state ( a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
-The need is usually to maintain homeostasis
-We are not only pushed by our needs but...pulled by our incentives a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham MAslow said we are motivated by needs and all needs are not created equal

Hunger: Hunger is both physiologicsl and psychological

                    Biological Basis od Hunger
Hunger does not come from the stomach, it comes from the brain

Which part of the brain?  Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

Lateral Hypothalamus:

When stimulated it makes you hungry

-When lesioned, no more hunger

Ventromedial Hypothalamus:

When stimulated you feel full

-When lesioned, never feel full again

Attraction

Proximity - Geographic nearness

Mere Exposure Effect: Repeated exposure to something breeds liking

Reciprocal Liking: You are more liking to like someone who likes you

Similarity: Birds of the same feather flock together

Phsyical Attractiveness

Love

Passionate Love: an aroused state of intense positive absorption of another

Compassionate Love: the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

What makes compassionate love work?

- Equity

-Self-disclosure

Altruism: Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Bystander effect: Willing to help if there are other bystanders around

Social Exchange Theory: the idea that our social behavior is an exchange process, which we maximize benfits and minimize costs

Peacemaking: give people superordinate goals that can only be achieved through cooperation

-Win win situations through mediation

-GRIT (Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction)

Passionate love is said to be more of an intense love that is higher yet compassionate love goes further in the long run



Social Relations

Prejudice: an unjustifiable attitude towards a goup of people
-Usually involves stereotyped beliefs ( a generalized belief about a group of people)

Social Inequalities
A principle reason behind prejudice

Ingroup: "Us", people with whom one shares a common identity

Outgroup: "Them", those perceived as different than one's ingroup

Ingroup bias: the tendency to favor one's own group

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Scapegoat Theory: the theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Aggresion: any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

                        The Psychology of Aggression

Frustration-Aggressive Principle: the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal
-creates anger which generates aggression

Conflict: a pereceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Why is there prejudice?

1. Catergorization

2. Vivid Cases

3. Just World Phenomenon - the belief that those who suffer deserve their fate

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Reciprocity norm: the expectation that people help those who have helped them

Social Responsibility: the expectation that people will help those who depend on them

Social Influence

Conformity: Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group's standard

      Conditions That Strengthen Conformity       
1.) One is made to feel incompetent

2.) The group is at least three people

3.) The group is unanimous

4.) One admires the group's status

5.) One had made no prior commitment

6.) The person is observed

                   Reasons for Conformity
Normative Social Influence: Influemce resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid dissappointment

Infomational Social Influemce: Influence resulting from one's willingness to aceept other's opinions about reality

Social Facilitation: Improved performance of tasks in the presence of others
-Occurs with simple or well learned tasks

Social Loafing: the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling efforts toward a common goal than if they were individually accountable

Deindividuation: the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occuring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Group Polarization: The concept that a group's attitude is one of extremes and rarely moderate

Groupthink: The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides common sense

Self-fulling Prophecies: occurs when one person's belief about others leads one to act in ways that induce the others to appear to confirm the belief

Social Psychology

Social Psychology is the study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Social Thinking : how we think about one another

Attribution Theory: The idea that we give a casual explanation for someone's behavior

-We credit that behavior either to the situation or to the person's disposition

Fundamental Attribution Theory: The tendency to underestimate the impact of a situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Attitudes: A belief or feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to something

Foot in the door phenomenon: The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Door in face phenomenon: The tendency for people who say no to a huge request, to comply with a smaller one

Cognitive Dissonance Theory: We do not like when we have either conflicting attitudes or when our attitudes do not match our actions